In the second-trimester screening, the E3 blood test measures the level of unconjugated estriol. Abnormally low levels of unconjugated estriol have been associated with an increased risk of Down syndrome.
The E3 test results, along with the results of other blood tests and maternal age, are entered into a calculation that estimates the likelihood of the fetus having Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities.
If the combined screening indicates a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities, further diagnostic tests, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis, may be recommended to provide a definitive diagnosis.