1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is a naturally occurring monosaccharide, a type of sugar molecule, that is present in the bloodstream. Its function is closely tied to glucose metabolism and serves as a marker of short-term glycemic control.
When we consume carbohydrates, they are broken down into glucose, which is the primary source of energy for our cells. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps regulate the uptake and utilization of glucose by our body's cells. However, in individuals with diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, the regulation of glucose levels is disrupted.
The function of 1,5-AG comes into play because it competes with glucose for absorption in the kidneys. As blood glucose levels rise, 1,5-AG is less effectively reabsorbed by the kidneys and more is excreted in the urine. Conversely, when blood glucose levels are in the normal range, 1,5-AG is reabsorbed and retained in the bloodstream.
Therefore, 1,5-AG levels in the blood can provide information about glycemic control over the preceding one to two weeks. If blood glucose levels have been consistently high during this period, 1,5-AG levels will be lower. Conversely, if blood glucose levels have been well-controlled, 1,5-AG levels will be higher.